The Current Trends Global Transportation - 1348 Words

The current trends global transportation are widely considered to be unsustainable for a number of reasons, including profound impacts on the climate and heavy dependence on limited fossil fuel supplies (Greene, 1997). However, there is a great deal of disagreement among researchers and policy makers regarding what constitutes a â€Å"sustainable† system of economics, governance, or transport. The prevailing notion of sustainability has largely focused on reducing impacts to the planet from an ecological and natural resources perspective. In a broader policy context, however, the impacts of economics and equity issues on the health of the environment are not to be ignored. The relationship between resource scarcity and environmentally†¦show more content†¦Thus, even under the strictest ecological interpretation of sustainability, achieving social, political, and quality of life objectives is paramount to getting national and global participation. Based on this more ho listic interpretation, a high-level definition of a â€Å"sustainable transportation system† is one which: †¢ Does not unfairly prioritize any one ethnic, social, or economic group of people over another, in terms of access, financial cost, and secondary/external costs †¢ Is supportive of and not a barrier to equitable economic growth and development †¢ Supports societal expectations concerning mobility and quality of life †¢ Does not carry any unreasonable risks to humans in terms of public health or injury †¢ Works within the carrying capacity of the environment, both in terms of resource consumption and pollution output - A truly sustainable system would not degrade ecosystems or the environment, and would not consume any unrenewable resources †¢ Considers all objectives, policies, and strategies in a global context Some have suggested that a policies regarding sustainability should include broader social issues in their list of objectives including education attainment, â€Å"cultural health† of a community, and even democracy (Farrell Hart, 1998). At the risk of seeming overly pragmatic or uncaring, the view taken here is that such

The Current Industrial Relations Legislation - 990 Words

5 Current industrial relations legislation The federal system IR for most Australian employers and employees, including Vitoria. Vitoria in the early 1990s to its general industrial relations to the federal jurisdiction, the country s employees are still part of the federal labor relations system. 5.1 The Commonwealth Powers (Industrial Relations) Act 1996 The purpose of this act is to mention some matters related to the Commonwealth Parliament in Vitoria and career, including mediation and arbitration matters, in order to prevent and solve the industrial disputes, employee s minimum employment conditions and conditions and termination of employment and freedom of association. (The Commonwealth powers act 1996, Commonwealth) 5.2 Federal†¦show more content†¦The bill increases the rights of outside staff and provides a simple low-cost process to recover arrears. (Outworkers (Improved Protection) Act 2003, Commonwealth) 5.5 Construction Industry Long Service Leave Act 1997 Employers are usually subject to federal and long-term service holidays in 1992 to provide long-term service leave, employers in the construction industry under special provisions. Long-term service leave in 1997 provided for the construction of workers in the industry long-term service holidays. (Construction Industry Long Service Leave Act 1997, Commonwealth) 6 Australian’s workplace relations laws The key elements of this framework are: ï‚Ÿ Safety net for minimum conditions and employment conditions. ï‚Ÿ Collective bargaining system and industrial action rules based on bargaining power. ï‚Ÿ The provision of personal flexibility as a means of allowing individual workers and employers to work flexibly to meet their real needs, on the basis of better overall staff. ï‚Ÿ Protection against unfair or unlawful termination of employment. ï‚Ÿ In order to protect the freedom of the employer and the employee, to choose whether to express through the third party in the workplace, and to define the rights and responsibilities of the employer and employee representatives. ï‚Ÿ The law is a working relationship law enacted by the federal parliament. Fair Work Committee and Fair Work Ombudsman to monitor the practical application ofShow MoreRelatedLabor Laws And Industrial Relations Between India And The United States1511 Words   |  7 Pagesinformation on labor acts and statutes that international investors and companies need to comply, especially investors from the United States. To prepare for this project, we have done extensive research on some of the most relevant labor laws and industrial relations in India and the United States; however, there are a few other things that we want to learn before our departure to Karnataka, and we are hoping to learn during our two week class period in SVYM. Such things include the dynamics of the workRead MoreThe Analysis Of The Equitable Employee Relations Since The Year 19681542 Words   |  7 Pagesa focus on the analysis of the equitable employee relations since the year 1968. It is important for the understanding of the employee working conditions that existed in the workplace for the purpose of forming a comprehensive understanding and relations to the current environment of businesses and organizations. There has been a lot of progress since the period of the Dagenham, 1968, to the current time. This has been mostly due to the industrial action and legislative changes that have occurredRead MoreEssay on Week 2809 Words   |  4 PagesLabor relations chapter 1 – 2 notes 1. Experts believe that the widening gap between the richest and poorest individuals in the U.S. is in part due to the weakened position of labor unions. (Points : 1) |   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   True   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   False | 2. In the U.S., most workers can be discharged for good cause, no cause, and even a morally wrong cause, as long as the discharge is not on the basis of race, gender, religion or another classification protected by law. 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Typically, Australia’s industrial relations have been shaped by highly centralized Commonwealth and state tribunal systems of conciliation and arbitration. However, the last three decades have seen considerable changes in the legislative, economic, and social realms that have traditionally governed the industrial relations of Australia, and the relevance of unionsRead MoreLaw of the Jungle Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesat the time there was no law that permitted them from doing so. Each union issue was presented to individual judges that would exercise control over the labor relations as a whole in the United States. For the most part judges were unsympathetic to union actives and generally sided against them. This treatment of labor-management relations was seen from the American Revolution until the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Post 1932 It is said that the Great Depression gave labor unions a goldenRead MoreThe Liberal State Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagesat the same time facilitating capital so as to exhibit deliberate efforts in different areas. This perspective is unmistakable from the prevailing talk on labour legislation. The prevailing view on labour legislation in India has been contending for the labour market flexibility and even more, getting rid of restrictive labour legislation since it accepts that labour laws hamper investment and growth of employment. The limitations that the employers are confronted with when it comes to the questionRead MoreEssay on australias wage determination system988 Words   |  4 Pagesdecentralized one. There has been a move away from accords and awards to enterprise bargaining, through the 96 Workplace Relations Act. Recent policies include changes to unfair dismissal claims and the 2005 workplace reforms package. 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Venezuela free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Economy As A Whole Essay, Research Paper VENEZUELA? S ECONOMY AS A WHOLE Economy Venezuela is rich in oil and other mineral resources. Its per capita income is approximately mean for Latin America. The state # 8217 ; s public external debt ( excepting the duties of the cardinal bank and PDVSA, the parastatal oil company ) stood at about $ 26.5 billion in 1996. The economic system grew by 4.5 % in existent footings in 1997. Consumer monetary values rose merely 37.6 % in 1997 compared to the record 103 % of 1996. The authorities is trusting for rising prices of 24 % during 1998. The Venezuelan economic system is doing a rejoinder under the Agenda Venezuela, propelled chiefly by the gap of the crude oil sector to foreign investing ( the # 8220 ; apertura # 8221 ; ) , a far-reaching denationalization plan, and programs to reform public sector operations. Oil monetary values have shown a continual diminution since 1996, which is functioning to gnaw the budgetary excess from 4.5 % in 1996 to an estimated 1.5 % in 1997. In July 1996, the Venezuelan Government and the IMF officially announced a $ 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Venezuela or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4 billion stand-by loan. The World Bank and Inter-American Development Bank are besides lending to attempts to advance cardinal structural reforms # 8211 ; in the bench, electoral system, and societal security/severance wage plans. Petroleum and Other Resources Venezuela # 8217 ; s economic system is dominated by crude oil, and the state is a founding member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) . In 1997, this sector accounted for more than one-fourth of GDP, about three-fourthss of export net incomes, and about half of cardinal authorities # 8217 ; s grosss. Most of Venezuela # 8217 ; s energy exports consist of rough oil, but the state is besides the United States # 8217 ; taking foreign beginning of refined crude oil merchandises. The Government of Venezuela has opened up much of the hydrocarbon sector to foreign investing, advancing the constitution of monolithic new petrochemical articulation ventures and reactivation of inactive Fieldss. The Venezuelan crude oil corporation and foreign oil companies signed eight contracts for geographic expedition and production joint ventures in July 1996. These contracts are expected to bring forth over $ 15 billion in foreign investing. A scope of other natural resources, including Fe ore, diamonds, coal, bauxite, hydroelectric power, gold, and Nis are in assorted phases of development. In 1996, CVG, the state-owned excavation house, announced its first joint venture with a foreign company to develop the Las Cristinas gold mine. Congress is besides sing statute law which would update Venezuela # 8217 ; s 1945 excavation jurisprudence in an attempt to promote greater private sector engagement in mineral extraction. Fabrication, Agriculture, and Trade Manufacturing contributed 15.6 % of GDP in 1997. The fabrication sector grew somewhat ( 2.2 % ) in direct contrast with the contraction in 1996. Venezuela industries and exports steel, aluminium, fabrics, dress, drinks, and groceries. It besides produces cement, tyres, paper, and fertilisers, and assembles autos for both the domestic and export market. The # 8220 ; Agenda Venezue la† envisions the denationalization of a scope of state-owned endeavors, including Bankss. Agribusiness histories for 4 % of GDP, 12 % of the labour force, and 24 % of Venezuela # 8217 ; s land country. Venezuela exports beef, rice, java, and chocolate. However, the state is non self-sufficing in most countries of agricultural production and imports about 60 % of nutrient consumed. In 1996, U.S. houses exported about $ 475 million of agricultural merchandises including wheat, soya beans, maize, soymeal, and cotton to Venezuela, our third-largest agricultural export market in Latin America. The U.S. normally accounts for somewhat more than a 3rd of Venezuela # 8217 ; s nutrient imports. Thankss to petroleum exports, Venezuela normally posts a trade excess. In recent old ages, non-traditional ( i.e. non-petroleum ) exports have been turning quickly but still constitute merely about one-quarter of entire exports. The United States is Venezuela # 8217 ; s taking trade spouse. During the first 10 months of 1997, the United States registered $ 3.0 billion in exports ( about 38 % of Venezuela # 8217 ; s entire ) and purchased $ 12.9 billion in imports ( about 55 % of Venezuela # 8217 ; s entire ) . Venezuela # 8217 ; s trade with other Andean Pact members, peculiarly Colombia, is turning in importance. Labor and Infrastructure Venezuela # 8217 ; s labour force of about 8.8 million is turning faster than entire employment. At the terminal of 1997, official unemployment was 12.8 % , but unofficial estimations are higher. The public sector employs 14 % of the work force, while less than 1 % work in the capital-intensive oil industry. About 25 % of the labour force is nonionized. Unions are peculiarly strong in the populace sector. Venezuela has an extended route system. With the exclusion of air service, transit and communications have failed to maintain gait with the state # 8217 ; s demands. Much of the substructure suffers from unequal care. Caracas has a modern metro, but merely one working rail line serves the remainder of the state. Economic indexs GDP ( 1997 est. ) : $ 72.1 billion. Growth rate ( 1997 ) : 4.5 % . GDP per capita: $ 3,164. Natural resources: Petroleum, natural gas, coal, Fe ore, gold, other minerals, hydroelectric power, bauxite. Agriculture ( 4.7 % of GDP ) : Products # 8211 ; rice ; java ; maize ; sugar ; bananas ; dairy, meat, and domestic fowl merchandises. Petroleum industry ( 27.6 % of GDP ) : Oil refinement, petrochemicals. Manufacturing ( 15.6 % of GDP ) : Types # 8211 ; Fe and steel, paper merchandises, aluminium, fabrics, conveyance equipment, consumer merchandises, and crude oil refinement. Trade ( 1997 est. ) : Exports # 8211 ; $ 23.7 billion: crude oil ( $ 18.3 billion ) , Fe ore, java, steel, aluminium, chocolate. Major markets # 8211 ; U.S. ( Jan.-Oct.1997, 55 % ) , Japan, Germany, Colombia, Nederlands, Brazil, Italy. Imports # 8211 ; $ 10.6 billion: machinery and conveyance equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, groceries. Major providers # 8211 ; U.S. ( Jan.-Oct. 1997, 38 % ) , Japan, Germany, France, Canada, Italy, Colombia, Brazil. Exchange rate ( Dec. 1997 ) : 504.25 bolivars=U.S. $ 1.

Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Review Essay Example

Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Review Paper Essay on Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Who does not love a great Soviet film Red, honest, passionate, loosely based on the book by Jan Ekholm? If you still did not look, highly recommend in a simple fairy story tucked deep existential problems loneliness and otherness, friendship and family ties, mutual understanding of children and parents Little Ludwig grows not so, how would like to see my mother with. dad. He is kind, compassionate, and naive (oh my!) Leads friendship with leverets. Just a shame the family, rather than a normal child. Old father-foxes and older brother had lost all hope to reason with the boy. Mom-fox quietly sighs and closes his eyes to the disgraceful behavior of the fox for a hereditary son, led the old gippenreyterskim principle You shall love the child for what he is. And live. But the boy is growing stronger and his humanistic views. He is even ready to become a vegetarian, but would not hurt to living beings. Relationship with his father and older brother are running high to the limit. Another trick pacifist, family scandal, Ludwig and runs from the house. But where to go? Who lodges a little fox? In his naive goodness, he did not understand how very vulnerable to the outside world, where reigns the laws of natural selection, and every stump danger lies. We will write a custom essay sample on Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tutta Karlssons first and only, Ludwig Fourteenth and other Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer from exhaustion, he falls in the middle of rye field ( The Catcher in the rye ), and above his head, stands a symbol of the modern era a straw man designed to intimidate enemies and instilling in them a sense of their insignificance. Not realizing how close he slumped to the lair of the foxs arch enemy, Ludwig decides not to stop at nothing. He takes a step forward facing right with her. Hungry for understanding and love of the boys heart shudders. It faces a greenhorn Tutta Karlsson the first and only one close to where it will be really happy if he could defend the right to this happiness and to keep it in its still fragile legs